Precise and stable regulation of engine speed in spark-ignition (SI) systems has long been a central issue in automotive control engineering due to the inherently nonlinear, time-varying, and ...
In this study, a novel cascaded exponential proportional–integral–derivative (exp-PID) controller tuned by the starfish optimization algorithm (SFOA) is proposed for enhancing the transient and steady ...
PID loops are a central component of modulating boiler control systems with applications ranging from basic steam header pressure control to cascading 3-element drum level control. A modern ...
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